Exodus-The LORD is Israel's Shepherd

After Moses prayed and the plague of scarab beetles (or flies) ended, Pharaoh refused to let the Israelites go as he had promised. The LORD instructed Moses to go before Pharaoh once again to advise him of the impending disaster should he fail to heed the word of the LORD to let the Israelites leave Egypt. The LORD promised that Egypt’s livestock on the fields at the appointed time of the plague would die, but He would spare the livestock of the people of Israel. The LORD gave Pharaoh an ultimatum, even setting the time when the disaster would strike so Pharaoh could not attribute the deadly plague to coincidence. He would know, without a doubt, that the LORD GOD of Israel was at work when the plague occurred.

 Pharaoh had tried in vain to compromise with the Israelites. He even suggested that they need not leave Egypt to worship their God; they could worship within the borders of Egypt. However, the Egyptians despised the Israelite shepherds and would have viewed their sacrifices to God as an abomination and an offence (Ex 8:25-28). The Bible does not make it clear why the Egyptians hated the Israelites’ occupation as shepherds, especially since they maintained flocks of their own (Gen 47: 5-6). Various extra-Biblical commentaries and sources state that perhaps the Egyptians hated the Israelite shepherds because they used animals as sacrifices in the worship of the LORD and perhaps certain animals were sacred to the Egyptians. The Egyptians, on the other hand, worshiped Hathor - a cow headed goddess. Hathor was revered as a sky goddess as well the goddess of music, love, childbirth, fertility, and mining. Apis, a bull-deity, was also worshiped in Egypt from approximately 3000BC. The Apis bull, a bull selected from the herd based on specific bodily patterns, was regarded as a symbol of the Pharaoh’s courage, fighting spirit, strength, fertility and virility. The bull was housed in a temple and the Egyptians engaged in elaborate burial ceremonies when it died, mourning for many days as if the Pharaoh himself had died. Great celebrations would commence when the priests found a new Apis bull after much searching and deliberation. Other explanations cite a slow but steady influx of “Hyksos” or foreign rulers (allegedly mistranslated as “shepherd kings” by Josephus the historian). These foreigners were often shepherds who conducted raids on the Egyptians, leading to a growing distrust of shepherds.

 The Egyptians had thus elevated the creatures the LORD had made into gods, which they idolized. The plague that decimated Egypt’s livestock proved to the Egyptians that their gods were mere creations of their own imagination. The LORD is indeed the Creator and Sustainer of all life. The LORD revealed to Pharaoh His sovereignty and omnipotence by the great judgments brought against Egypt and its gods. Yet, even in the judgments, God was revealing His mercy and forbearance to the Egyptians. He patiently consulted with their king to secure the release of His people, when He could have released them immediately by His awesome power. He gave Pharaoh many opportunities to relinquish his power, acknowledge the LORD as the true sovereign and release His people. He also did not destroy all of Egypt’s livestock, but only those that were out in the field (Ex 9:3).   

 Pharaoh, however, remained unimpressed and refused to let the Israelites leave Egypt. He sent a delegation to the land of Goshen, the territory where the Israelites lived, to examine the livestock belonging to the Israelites in order to test whether the LORD’s prediction concerning the plague had indeed occurred as predicted. Some commentators believe that Pharaoh, in his position as slave-master of Israel, did this in order to forcefully assimilate the Israelites’ livestock as his own in order to reduce the losses he suffered from the plague. In so doing, he would have been openly challenging and defying the LORD. However, the LORD was not finished with Pharaoh yet…

 Scripture references: Exodus 9:1-7

 

 

Exodus-The LORD rules over the “lord of the flies”

Despite the plague of gnats Pharaoh hardened his heart, once again refusing to the let the Israelites leave Egypt. The LORD instructed Moses to approach Pharaoh yet again, this time promising to unleash a plague that would make a clear distinction between the people of Pharaoh and the LORD’s own people. God had adopted the enslaved nation of Israel as His very own people, just as He had promised in Exodus 6:7 when He said: “I will take you to be my people, and I will be your God and you shall know that I am the LORD your God, who has brought you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians.” As a sign of His favour upon the Israelites, God Himself promised to ensure that none of the future plagues upon Egypt would touch the Israelites.

The fourth plague, although described in most Biblical translations as a plague of swarms of flies, could also have been swarms of scarab beetles. The Hebrew and Septuagint manuscripts do not specify what insects the swarms comprised, and the words “of flies” were added in most modern translations of the Bible. The scarab beetle was revered in ancient Egypt. One of the leading gods in the Egyptian pantheon, Amon Ra, was sometimes depicted with the head of a scarab beetle and the body of a man. The Egyptians believed that Ra (their sun-god), son of Amon Ra, pushed the “sun-disc” across the sky like a scarab beetle pushes rolled dung across the ground. Amulets shaped like scarab beetles were often worn around the neck to ward off evil. Other Biblical scholars think the fourth plague may have been swarms of dog-flies. Dog-flies attack dogs by biting their ears, causing wounds where they lay their eggs. The wounds often become infected if not treated, and maggots emerge from under the broken, dead skin. Dogs were also revered in Egypt through their worship of Anubis, the jackal-headed god of the dead so the dog-flies would have caused great consternation among the Egyptian people, possibly causing them to believe that their own gods were turning against each other! Either way, the flies must have been an annoyance to the Egyptians, possibly even causing contamination of food and resulting in illness.

The fly (or scarab) god of the Egyptians remained silent as they endured the ordeal and the LORD showed the Egyptians that He is LORD over every creature; their lord of the flies was no lord at all! Pharaoh tried to compromise with the Israelites, saying they could worship God in the land of Egypt but Moses stood his ground. He pointed out that the Egyptians would be offended by their sacrifices of livestock, since they were already offended by the Israelites’ livelihood as shepherds. One can imagine that this occupation must have been an affront to the Egyptian goddess, Hathor (the cow goddess). However, the primary reason that Moses did not agree to this compromise was because God had declared how He should be worshiped and in order for their worship to be true worship, the Israelites must worship in the way God had commanded. Pharaoh, pretending to relent, pleaded with Moses to intercede for the nation of Egypt. Moses prayed and the plague ceased; however, Pharaoh once again hardened his heart and refused to let the people of Israel go.

We may learn many lessons from the Biblical account of the fourth plague. God desires to make a distinction between His people and those who stubbornly choose to reject His authority. He knows His own and He has their best interests at heart. The times of reckoning are fast approaching. Whose side will you be on when Jesus Christ comes in glory?

Scripture refs: Exodus 8:20-32, Genesis 46:33-34, Rev 14:6-12

Exodus-Pharaoh's sovereignty challenged

Can you imagine standing before an arrogant king with just a staff in your hand? The LORD has tasked you with the awesome mission of being His agent to deliver His people out of slavery. In case the king demands a sign to prove you are sent by God, He has shown you that when you throw down your staff, it will turn into a serpent. The king, angry at your intrusion into his royal chamber, demands that you prove that God sent you to him. You throw down your rod and it turns into a serpent. You feel vindicated! God is at last showing up to deliver His people. Then, horror of horrors, the king’s magicians throw down their staffs and they become serpents too! The angry monarch glares at you petulantly. Your mind races and there is a lump in your throat. It seems like time is standing still. “What now?” you think.

 One could only imagine the trepidation that Aaron and Moses felt as they stood before Pharaoh. It must have taken every fibre of their faith to remain standing in the presence of the king of Egypt after what looked like the beginnings of a colossal failure. They were reluctant missionaries on a seemingly ridiculous errand. However, God had a plan! Just as hope seemed to fade away, the serpent that had come from Aaron’s staff swallowed up the magicians’ serpents! God had come through for them; they must have breathed a sigh of relief as their hearts gave silent prayers of thanks to Him.

Historical records reveal that the Pharoahs often wore Uraei on their crowns. The Uraeus, in the stylized form of a rearing cobra, was an ornament that adorned the Pharaoh’s crown. It symbolized his divine authority and sovereign rule and was also symbolic of the goddess Wadjet, one of the earliest Egyptian deities, who was often depicted as a cobra. It therefore seemed a fitting sign to Pharoah when the serpent created by the LORD’s power swallowed those conjured up by Pharaoh’s magicians. This signified that Pharaoh’s sovereignty and rule was being challenged by the LORD and none of his gods could protect him or his kingdom from the one true God’s coming judgments.

 The LORD’s mission in Egypt was not just to deliver His people from Egyptian slavery. He planned to expose the idols of Egypt for what they really were; they were not gods for against the great God of the Universe, they were powerless. Pharaoh, though he was revered as a god by his people, was a mere man. This miracle, though dismissed by hard-hearted Pharaoh, was an omen of the coming destruction that Egypt and its king would face if they disregarded the Word of the Sovereign LORD by refusing to let Israel go.

Scripture references: Exodus 7:1-13 

Exodus-The Question of Pharaoh's Hard Heart

Reading through the book of Exodus, have you ever wondered about God’s role in hardening the heart of Pharaoh?  In Ex 4:21 the LORD, in commissioning Moses, stated that He would harden the heart of Pharaoh so that he would not grant Moses’ request to let the people of Israel leave Egypt. This statement about God hardening Pharaoh’s heart is repeated in Ex 7:3-4 and practically demonstrated in his taking no heed of God’s power evidenced by the first miracles performed through Moses and Aaron i.e. Aaron’s rod turning into a serpent and the Nile turning into blood.

However, by reading Ex 3:19 we get a clearer understanding of this important aspect of Scripture. Ex 3:19 reveals God’s omniscience; He knew beforehand the extent of Pharaoh’s obstinacy.  Pharaoh was the proud monarch of Egypt, the greatest nation in the world - a veritable superpower in its day. Pharaoh was revered by his people as a god. Historical references reveal that the Pharaohs were believed to be the sons of Ra, supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon. He was probably the son of the Pharaoh that had commanded that all Hebrew baby boys be drowned in the Nile! Pharaoh’s heart must already have been hardened for him to continue the brutal slavery of the Israelites. His deeds were evidence of his already hardened heart, devoid of compassion.

Pharaoh also lied to Moses and Aaron that he would let the people go if they prayed for the plague of frogs to be reversed. After the frogs were removed, he reneged on his promise, refusing to let the people go. This could not be God’s doing, for God cannot coerce people into disobedience to His commands; He is not a liar, neither does He advocate men should lie. Pharaoh made his own choice to further harden his heart (Ex 8:1-15).  Ex 8:15 clearly confirms this.

In Ex 8:20-31, Pharaoh again lied to Moses and Aaron that he would relent if they prayed that the next plague, i.e. flies, would cease. However, verse 32 confirms that he once again chose to harden his own heart and break his promise. When God struck Egypt with the plague of hail and thunder Pharaoh again lied, pretending to acknowledge his sin against God and supposedly repenting. However, no sooner had the plague ceased, than he declared his stubborn refusal to let the people go, revealing that his was not a genuine repentance. God, in His great forbearance and patience, let the hail cease so that Pharaoh would know that the earth belonged to Him. Pharaoh, however, did not yet know the LORD or accept His sovereignty (Ex 9:23-34).

The Scriptures reveal a pattern. Pharaoh’s heart was already hard. God knew his heart, as He knows the thoughts and hearts of every man. When Pharaoh hardened his own heart, God let him continue in his obstinacy in order to use what Pharaoh intended for evil, for His own glory. As a result of Pharaoh’s obstinate refusal to let the people go, many Egyptians would come to know the LORD and a “mixed multitude” would leave Egypt when Pharaoh finally let them go. God used Pharaoh’s proud, stubborn, rebellious heart to showcase his glory and might among the nations of the world (Ex 12:38).

God does not take away anyone’s freedom of choice. That is precisely why he gave Adam and Eve a choice in the beginning; they could choose to obey or disobey.  However, their obedience or disobedience didn’t change who God is for in His great mercy, He wrought for all mankind a plan of salvation. The promised Seed of the Woman would crush the head of the serpent and restore humankind to fellowship with God (Gen 3:15-16).

 

 

 

Encouragement For Leaders in Exodus 6

Moses, deeply troubled, sought solace in consultation with God. The children of Israel refused to believe  the message that God had seen their distress and planned to deliver them from the tyranny of Pharaoh.  At first excited by the news, they had expected instant deliverance which, when it did not materialise, resulted in utter despair. They began to rationalise and blamed Moses and Aaron for  making their situation worse. They were content to be Pharaoh’s “servants”, yet God declared that they were  His “people” (Ex 5:1, Ex 5:15-16).

God instructed Moses to tell Pharoah to relent from his enslavement of Israel. Moses, discouraged and dejected from his first encounter with the proud monarch of Egypt, replies (paraphrase): “Israel itself won’t listen to me; why should Pharoah listen to me. I can’t even speak properly.”

Sometimes the ministers of God are faced with the same dilemma. The very people to whom they bring glad tidings of freedom in Christ are the ones who reject the message. They have become accustomed to the slavery of sin, or are just in a comfort zone from which they refuse to move.

After years of being told what to do, and how to do it, slaves understandably fear freedom and the opportunity it brings. The open prison door is a step into the unknown for a prisoner who has been held captive for years. It is not unheard of that prisoners sometimes commit petty offences to get back into prison, just to experience the familiarity of the routine it affords them. Sometimes they commit suicide in advance of their impending pardon and release. “Stockholm syndrome”, a term coined after a major bank robbery in Stockholm, is a psychological phenomenon where captives bond with their captors, developing feelings of familiarity and sympathy for them. Elements of this can also be observed in victims of abuse, who sometimes defend their abusers or refuse to move away from them.

Moses was the perfect candidate for God to use to deliver Israel from Egypt. He was educated in Pharaoh’s own house, yet also identified with the people of Israel. When Moses was told to go back to Egypt by God, he was told that the men who sought to kill him were dead. However, there may have been people in Pharaoh’s royal court who did not seek to kill him, but were acquainted with his upbringing as the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter. Moses may have been to them an item of mockery and ridicule. After all, who in their right mind would relinquish a place in the royal house of Egypt, choosing instead to be the spokesman of an enslaved nation suffering from Stockholm Syndrome? So it is with ministers of Christ who relinquish wealthy lifestyles or worldly living to proclaim the Gospel of freedom. They may be mocked and      ridiculed by those closest to them, yet God approves for them the honour of employment in His service.

It was God’s arm that would pluck the Israelites out of Egyptian slavery, yet He would accomplish this through the rod of Moses. By the time Israel left Egypt, that humble rod would be more feared than the scepter of Pharaoh himself. God would refer to Jesus Christ our King, Saviour, Great Prophet and Good Shepherd as “a prophet like Moses”. (Deut 18:18, Ex 7:1-5, Jn 6:14, Acts 3:22-23)

Exodus-The Sign of the covenant

In Exodus 4:1-13, Moses debated with God over his suitability for the appointed task of leading Israel out of Egypt. Even after all the wonderful signs God gave him, Moses asked God to send someone else (v13).

The book of Exodus reveals the Lord as a compassionate God,  slow to anger and abundant in mercy, yet not to be taken advantage of  for He is also a consuming fire. The anger of  the Lord was kindled against Moses, yet God did not strike him dead. Instead He assigned Aaron, Moses’ brother to be a helper to him and a spokesman to the nation of Israel (v14-17).

From the time Moses was attracted to the burning bush, God spoke directly to him in a very personal way. It seems confusing then, that the very God who had so mightily commissioned him a little while before would seek to take his life as he made the arduous journey to  Egypt with his family (Ex 4:20-24).

Ex 4:25-26 reveals that it was Zipporah’s quick thinking in circumcising her son that saved  Moses, and appeased the Lord’s anger against him. Moses had been appointed to lead the nation of Israel out of Egypt. As a young boy born to Hebrew parents, he had no doubt been circumcised on the eighth day as was customary. However, being raised in the palace as Pharoah’s adopted son had caused him to be estranged to his own people and he had neglected to circumcise his own son.

Genesis 17:9-14 reveals the significance of the rite of circumcision. It was a sign of the everlasting covenant which God had made with Abraham. Verse 14 reveals that the uncircumcised man-child would be cut off  from his people for not carrying the sign of the covenant. God knew that  the nation of Israel would not accept a leader who would not circumcise his own son, so He made provision for Moses’ son to be circumcised. Moses would have no doubt in his mind regarding his place among the nation of Israel after the circumcision of his son. He no longer had a double identity; he could  no longer play “double-agent.” He  had a singular purpose to surrender to God’s Will and, by the power of  the Almighty, to lead the nation of Israel out of Egyptian slavery.

Circumcision was just the sign of the covenant, a means to an end and not the end in itself. It was an important sign to the nation of Israel, indicating their position as the people of God. It was not circumcision that made  them God’s people, but rather they were circumcised because God had chosen them for His very own. In the same way, God’s people  in this age must have their hearts “circumcised”, always  pliable to His commands. Although salvation is not obtained by obedience, but by acceptance of Christ’s atoning sacrifice, obedience to God’s commands reflects our love for the God who first loved us. Jesus said in John 14:15, “If you love me, keep my commandments.” Satan is against the people of God who keep God’s commandments and have the testimony of Jesus Christ.

Scripture refs: Ex 4:1-26, Rev 12:17, John 14:15, 1 John 5:1-3, James 2:17-26

Exodus-The Reluctant Leader

Exodus 2 ended with Moses  in exile in the Midianite desert. By his show of sympathy to his enslaved nation, he had traded his lofty place in the palace of Pharoah with  its attendant pomp and privileges to become a lowly shepherd in the deserts of Midian. He could have chosen to live a sheltered life of ease in the palace of Pharoah, but he chose instead to remain loyal to his people. God honoured Moses’ loyalty by choosing to use him as an important agent in His plan of deliverance for the embattled nation of Israel.

With his detailed knowledge of the harsh desert terrain, Moses would be the ideal candidate for God to use to lead His people out of the land of Egypt. God sought to attract his attention by appearing in a flame of fire in the midst of a bush. The bush burned, but was not consumed and Moses, with great curiosity, turned aside to examine it. (Ex 3:1-3)

The Lord conversed with Moses from the burning bush, ordering him to remove his shoes for he was standing on holy ground. It was God’s Presence that made the ground holy for only God has the ability to sanctify and make anything holy.  God introduced Himself as the “God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob”, divulging to Moses His great plan of deliverance for the Israelites which He had aforetime shown in vision to Abraham in Gen 15. He then commanded Moses to go to Pharoah to speak on behalf of His beloved people.

Moses was a shepherd in the desert. He had no desire to be a leader. The responsibility seemed too great and he counted himself  unworthy to be chosen by God for such a task. Little did he realize that it was God, the omniscient and all-powerful One, who was choosing him and God does not make mistakes. God comforted Moses with a promise that both he and the people he would lead would know that he was sent by God once they were out of Egypt worshiping God on Mt Horeb. Moses was not content to believe, despite God disclosing to him the entire plan of deliverance, including its victorious culmination. “What will the people say?”, he asked God. “They will not believe me.” God demonstrated to Moses the signs that He would use to cause the Israelites to believe his words. At the Lord’s command, Moses threw down his rod and it became a serpent and when he picked it up, it became a rod again. At God ‘s command, Moses’  hand became white with leprosy and then whole again. Moses was still afraid.

He complained to God, citing his speech impediment as a problem which would render this a “mission impossible”. Little did he realize that he was talking with the Supreme Creator of the Universe, the one who knew him intimately before he had even been born. God knew Moses’ limitations and still called him into His service despite them. Is God calling you into His service today? Remember, he does not call the equipped but he always equips those He calls!

Scripture refs: Exodus 3:1-22, Exodus 4:1-13

Exodus-The Cry for Deliverance and the Ark of Salvation

Exodus 1 ended with the defiance of the two Hebrew midwives who refused to kill the Hebrew boys at birth. Pharoah, enraged by their defiance and the continuing strength of the Israelite nation despite his best efforts to subjugate them, ordered that all Hebrew boys should be cast into the Nile river.

During these troublous times, a young woman from the tribe of Levi gave birth to a son. Seeing that he was a handsome child, she hid him three months and when she could no longer hide him, she put him in an ark of bulrushes lined with pitch and left him in the bulrushes along the river. The young boy’s older sister watched protectively over him from afar off to see what would become of her beloved brother. (Ex 2:1-4)

It wasn’t long before Pharoah’s daughter came to bathe along the river Nile and on finding the young child, she had compassion on him. His sister seized the opportunity to ask if she see should find him a nurse and his mother was brought to him. Not knowing that the “nurse” was his own mother, Pharoah’s daughter offered her wages to care for him and he was adopted into the palace as her own son. She called him Moses, which means “to draw out.” (Ex 2:5-10)

During the time of great tribulation among the Israelites, God was working His Plan of deliverance. Just as He did with Noah, He used an “ark” in his plan. It is not coincidental that the little ark was dabbed with pitch, which in the Hebrew language means “atonement.”  You will remember that the Ark in the Genesis flood account was also dabbed with pitch! (Gen 6:14)

God made provision for Moses to be raised in the palace of Pharoah, in the very house of the man who sought to destroy Israel. He received the best international education of the times, as Egypt was the greatest superpower of the time. This education would stand him in good stead when he would be chosen by God to lead Israel out of Egypt.

However, it was not long before Moses was expelled from the palace after showing sympathy to the Israelite nation by killing an Egyptian who strove with an Israelite. He sought refuge by fleeing to the desert of Midian where he settled, marrying a priest’s daughter who gave birth to his first son. (Ex 2:11-22)

Moses did not know it, but God’s Plan was slowly coming to pass. Moses was an educated, intelligent man. Now God sought to teach this future leader humility by making him a shepherd in the desert. God first entrusted him to the keeping of his father-in-law’s flocks before He would entrust to him the keeping of His people, Israel. (Ex 2:23-Ex 3:1)

God heard the cry of the Israelites and raised up a deliverer to lead them out of slavery in Egypt. In like manner, He gave us Jesus Christ to lead us out of the slave-house of sin. The Ark of our salvation is  sealed not with pitch, but with the blood of Christ Himself. Our salvation is sure!